این فایل، ابتدا شامل یک خلاصه‌ی کاربردی و فشرده است که توسط تیم تست‌هلپر تهیه شده و مهم‌ترین نکات گرامری را به‌صورت ساده، منظم و امتحان‌محور مرور می‌کند.

پس از این بخش، قسمت‌های مرتبط با همین مبحث از کتاب‌های Grammar in Use Intermediate و Grammar in Use Advanced نیز در فایل قرار داده شده‌اند تا زبان‌آموزان در صورت نیاز بتوانند توضیحات کامل‌تر، مثال‌های بیشتر و تمرین‌های تکمیلی را مطالعه کنند.
 

دانلود فایل جامع آموزش این گرامر به همراه بخش مربوطه از کتاب‌های Grammar in Use 

Quick Guide: Active and Passive Voice

In an active sentence, the subject does the action.
In a passive sentence, the subject receives the action.

Active: The chef prepared the meal.
Passive: The meal was prepared by the chef.

Use the passive when the action or result is more important than the person doing it, or when the doer is unknown, obvious, or unnecessary.

Main Passive Forms

Active or Passive?

Choose active when the doer is important.

Example:

• The technician repaired the printer.

Choose passive when the object, result, or process is more important.

Example:

• The printer was repaired this morning.

Use by + person/thing only when the doer is important or surprising.

Examples:

• The novel was written by George Orwell.
• The window was broken by a falling branch.

Example:

• The documents were checked yesterday.

Passive with Modals

After a modal, use:

modal + be + past participle

Examples:

• The information must be checked.
• The decision should not be made too quickly.
• The password cannot be shared.

For past modal passive, use:

modal + have been + past participle

Examples:

• The files should have been protected.
• The accident might have been prevented.

Passive Infinitives and -ing Forms

Some passive structures use to be + past participle.

Examples:

• The project needs to be completed soon.
• The results are expected to be announced tomorrow.
• The rule is difficult to be applied correctly.

Some structures use being + past participle.

Examples:

• The building is being painted.
• She dislikes being interrupted.
• The proposal was criticized for being poorly explained.

Some perfect passive structures use having been + past participle.

Example:

• Having been warned before, he was more careful this time.

Reporting with Passive Verbs

Passive reporting is common in formal or academic English. It is used when we do not know, or do not want to mention, who says, believes, or reports something.

Pattern 1:

It + passive verb + that-clause

Examples:

• It is said that the company is expanding.
• It was reported that the data had been changed.
• It is believed that the policy will affect small businesses.

Pattern 2:

Subject + passive reporting verb + to-infinitive

Examples:

• The company is said to be expanding.
• The data were reported to have been changed.
• The policy is believed to affect small businesses.

Common verbs in this pattern include say, report, believe, think, expect, consider, know, understand, and claim.

Have / Get Something Done

Use have/get + object + past participle when someone arranges for another person to do a service.

Examples:

• I had my phone repaired.
• She got her hair cut.
• We are having the office painted.

This does not usually mean the subject personally did the action.

Compare:

I repaired my phone. = I did it myself.

I had my phone repaired. = Someone repaired it for me.

Be Careful

A passive sentence needs a form of be plus the past participle.

Incorrect: The mistake corrected by the editor.
Correct: The mistake was corrected by the editor.

Incorrect: The plan will approve tomorrow.
Correct: The plan will be approved tomorrow.

Before answering, ask yourself:
Is the subject doing the action, or receiving the action?

دانلود فایل جامع آموزش این گرامر به همراه بخش مربوطه از کتاب‌های Grammar in Use