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Quick Guide: Modals
Modal verbs help us express meaning beyond the main verb. They show ideas such as ability, permission, obligation, advice, possibility, certainty, and imaginary situations.
Common modals include can, could, may, might, must, should, would, and will. Expressions like have to, need to, be able to, be allowed to, be supposed to, and be required to work in similar ways.
After most modals, use the base form of the verb.
Correct: She can speak French.
Incorrect: She can to speak French.
Main Uses
| Use | Modals / Forms | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Ability | can, could, be able to | She can swim. |
| Permission | can, may, be allowed to | May I come in? |
| Obligation | must, have to, need to | You must wear a helmet. |
| No obligation | don’t have to, need not | You don’t have to pay today. |
| Prohibition | must not, may not, cannot | You must not smoke here. |
| Advice | should, ought to, had better | You should see a doctor. |
| Possibility | may, might, could | It might rain later. |
| Certainty / deduction | must, can’t | He must be tired. |
Past Modals
Use modal + have + past participle to talk about the past.
Examples:
- You should have studied harder.
- She might have forgotten the meeting.
- He cannot have seen the accident clearly.
- They would have arrived earlier if they had left on time.
Modals in Conditionals
Modals are often used in conditional sentences.
Examples:
- If it rains, we will stay inside.
- If I had more time, I would learn another language.
- If she had called earlier, we could have helped her.
Be Careful
Must not and don’t have to are not the same.
You must not enter. = It is forbidden.
You don’t have to enter. = It is not necessary.
Before answering a modal question, ask:
Is the sentence about ability, permission, obligation, advice, possibility, certainty, or an imaginary situation?